State Council Development Research Center “Remanufacturing Strategy of Developed Countries in Developed Countries and Its Impact on China†Task Force Leader: Li Wei, Liu He Executive: Lu Zhongyuan Research Leader: Long Guoqiang After the global financial crisis erupted, the United States, Japan and some European countries represented by France have formulated and promulgated the "Re-manufacturing" strategy. This is not only an important measure to deal with the financial crisis, but also a major adjustment to the industry service and financialization trends that have been implemented for many years. Trying to change the long-term strategy of "industry hollowing out". The effect of the remanufacturing strategy of developed countries on the division of labor in the global manufacturing industry deserves our in-depth analysis.
I. Background, objectives and main contents of the remanufacturing strategy of developed countries
(a) background
The developed countries, led by the United States, have formulated remanufacturing strategies that originated in the financial crisis but are not limited to dealing with crises but have a more profound and complex background.
1. The new round of industrial revolution is rapidly gaining momentum and new industries are poised to take off. Western scholars believe that since the industrial revolution, mankind has experienced two industrial revolutions of machineization and scale (represented by Ford's assembly line production) and is currently in the third industrial revolution in the digitization of manufacturing. Digitalization has and will continue to have a profound and widespread impact on human production and lifestyle. On the one hand, the industrial division of labor is getting more and more detailed and deeper. On the other hand, the manufacturing industry and the service industry are increasingly integrated. The industrial competitiveness of a country no longer depends on a single industry activity but on the comprehensive competitiveness of the industry chain. The high efficiency of service industries in developed countries can, to a certain extent, make up for the inadequacy of their labor costs and maintain the international competitiveness of their manufacturing industries. At the same time, new technological revolutions represented by new generations of information technology, new energy, new materials, and biotechnology are gestating, and major countries are seeking to lay out a commanding position in order to seize new heights in the field of new technologies. The new round of industrial revolution and breakthroughs in new technologies will reshape the global economic landscape. For all countries, both opportunities and challenges will coexist. Developed countries are trying to use the strategy of remanufacturing to occupy an advantageous position in the global competition for new technologies and new industries.
2. The economic globalization continues to deepen, and the pattern of division of labor in manufacturing has undergone significant changes. The liberalization of trade and investment continues to advance. Advances in digital and network technologies and container transportation technologies have significantly reduced the cost of cross-border flows of information, goods, and services, promoted the modularization of production, personalized, and unprecedented scale of cross-border investment and industrial transfer. Manufacturing outsourcing and service outsourcing are in the ascendant, international division of labor continues to deepen, intra-industry trade and service trade develop rapidly, and the global division of labor pattern has undergone major changes. The share of emerging economies in global manufacturing has risen rapidly, and the proportion of developed economies has declined significantly (see Table 1). While gaining many benefits brought about by globalization, developed countries are also facing the unemployment pressure brought about by the industrial hollowing out. Therefore, developed countries are trying to revitalize their manufacturing industries through remanufacturing strategies, ease employment pressures, and create higher-paying jobs.
The global financial crisis has had a severe impact and the recovery of developed economies has been difficult. Japan experienced a “lost 20 years†after the burst of the bubble economy in the early 1990s. The 2011 East Japan earthquake directly hit the industrial chain and energy supply. Since the subprime mortgage crisis in 2007, the United States has been trapped in high unemployment and "double deficits." Europe faces the impact of the sovereign debt crisis. The unemployment rate remains high and economic growth is sluggish. Although the developed countries have taken various measures to cope with the crisis, the prospects for economic recovery remain unclear. The strategy of remanufacturing is also one of its strategic measures to lead the economy out of the crisis.
(b) Goals
As early as the 1960s, the concept of "remanufacturing" appeared in western countries. For decades, the concept of “remanufacturing†has been constantly evolving. After the financial crisis, the developed countries’ governments have redefined the “remanufacturing†strategy, not to achieve the simple return of traditional manufacturing, but to further strengthen themselves. The competitiveness of the traditional manufacturing advantage sector, especially the creation of higher-end, higher-value-added emerging industries, will occupy the commanding heights in the 21st century's advanced manufacturing industry, so that it can quickly strengthen the strength of the domestic real economy and enable economic development. A more solid foundation. For example, in the United States, the remanufacturing strategy focuses on the development of new industries such as new energy, new materials, and biotechnology through innovation. Japan focuses on R&D and emerging industries. The seven strategic industries in France’s “Industrial Revitalization Plan†are mainly knowledge. With technology-intensive industries.
Specifically, the main objectives of the remanufacturing strategy of developed countries include: (1) Accelerating the growth of manufacturing industries, such as France’s proposed 6-year target of 25% industrial growth; (2) Improving the balance of manufacturing foreign trade; (3) Maintain or increase the level of employment in the manufacturing industry.
(B) The remanufacturing strategy and policy measures of the developed countries
In order to realize the strategy of remanufacturing, developed countries have launched a very comprehensive package of policy measures in a relatively short period of time. To sum up, developed countries mainly focus on the following aspects.
1. Improve human resources and infrastructure for manufacturing development. Including strengthening training and upgrading the skills of manufacturing workers to meet the needs of emerging industries. For example, the US Government’s American Graduation Initiative has invested US$12 billion to increase the number of community college graduates by 5 million in 10 years; There are job training programs. Japan has talent and employee training programs. France introduced a subsidy plan for the transfer of old and new employee skills. The United States also plans to upgrade and improve old infrastructure such as roads and power grids, develop high-speed railways, a new generation of air transport control systems, and high-speed broadband.
2. Improve the financing conditions for manufacturing, especially emerging industries. The U.S. government has set up a loan project worth 25 billion U.S. dollars in advanced automotive manufacturing, and its Energy Department has also provided financing guarantees for factories that manufacture wind turbines, solar panels, energy-efficient windows, and other clean energy devices. The French government has also taken measures to guide financial institutions to increase their loans for manufacturing and support the listing and financing of SMEs.
3. Support and encourage R&D and innovation activities. The U.S. "Resuscitation Act" has arranged more than 18 billion U.S. dollars for the financing of research and development; a permanent tax credit for research and experimentation. France strongly encourages SMEs to participate in EU research and development projects, support creative activities, increase support for basic research, and strengthen intellectual property protection. Japan has formulated detailed fiscal and tax support policies for encouraging innovation. Japan and France have taken measures to promote exchanges and cooperation between industry, universities and research institutes.
4. Expand exports, limit imports, and increase domestic market opportunities. The United States has proposed a five-year export doubling plan, using multilateral mechanisms or regional trade integration mechanisms to work hard to open markets for domestic products and actively promote the Trans-Pacific Partnership Programme (TPP). France tried to open up the government procurement market in other countries through reciprocal opening. Take specific measures such as expanding export credits, relaxing export controls, and promoting foreign investment to increase the export competitiveness of its industrial products. At the same time, to increase the protection of the domestic market, the United States "Recovery Act" stipulates the terms of "purchase of U.S. goods". It requires the procurement of domestically produced steel and its products in the construction of public works, and requires the Department of Homeland Security to purchase domestically produced products. Textiles and clothing. France has formulated a plan to promote "Made in France". Both the United States and France attach importance to expanding the use of anti-dumping, anti-subsidy and other trade relief measures to protect the domestic market. Japan will expand exports to emerging markets as an important part of the strategy for revitalizing the manufacturing industry.
5. Investment promotion. The United States launched the "Select America" ​​program and set a goal of attracting 1 trillion US dollars of manufacturing cross-border direct investment in five years. The French government will invest 200 million euros to provide pre-paid repayment subsidies to companies interested in returning to France, encourage companies to return, and promote domestic employment.
II. Prospects and Impact of Remanufacturing Strategies in Developed Countries
There are different judgments regarding the prospects of the remanufacturing strategy of developed countries. Some commentators believe that the strategy of remanufacturing in developed countries cannot be successful, and some people even think that it has failed. However, there are also views that the re-manufacturing strategy of developed countries is playing a role. The Wall Street Journal reported that some American companies such as Ford Motor Company are already considering moving part of their production activities to the United States. Based on the analysis of six companies, the Boston Consulting Group believes that companies moving back to the United States will bring about $100 billion in annual output. Since 2010, manufacturing industries in the United States, France, and other countries that have been hit hard by the crisis have experienced a strong recovery, but the short-term recovery is not enough to illustrate the long-term effectiveness of the "remanufacturing strategy."
The reason why the views are so divergent is that the development of the remanufacturing strategy of the developed countries is still a short time. It lacks sufficient data to judge its success or not. Second, it separates the role of policy from the development of the manufacturing industry. Big challenge. Therefore, it is now asserted that its successes or failures are lost. There are a number of factors that need to be integrated to analyze their possible effects.
Historically, similar strategies in developed countries have been both successful and ineffective. In different countries, the situation is not the same. In the East Asian region where government intervention is strong, the policy effect is more significant. For example, the structure of manufacturing in Japan, South Korea, Singapore and China’s Taiwan region has been upgraded, and the role of industrial policy cannot be denied. But also in Japan, the development strategy of its fifth-generation computer is far from the expected goal. Relatively speaking, governments in Europe, America, and other countries have low levels of intervention in economic development, and more indirect interventions have been adopted. The overall effect of the policies is not as good as in East Asia. The United States' remanufacturing strategy in the 1960s and 1980s has had little success. However, in the 1990s, the United States implemented the "Information Highway" program, which effectively promoted the development of the Internet and helped the U.S. to implement the ICT industry. It can be seen from this that whether the government's development strategy can work or not depends on whether or not it conforms to the trend of technological development and whether it meets the comparative advantages of each country. Only by taking advantage of the situation can we achieve the desired results.
The effectiveness of the policy also depends on government capabilities and policy efforts. At present, developed countries are generally facing pressure from excessive fiscal deficits, which directly restricts their policy efforts. For example, some American scholars pointed out that the United States Export-Import Bank is an important government-supported export agency but is subject to fiscal deficits and its budget does not increase. drop.
First, the remanufacturing strategy of developed countries will have a major and far-reaching impact on their development philosophy and policies. Before the outbreak of the financial crisis, the developed countries’ mainstream development approach was to consider that the country had entered a post-industrial society, promoted economic service, and financialization. By developing a knowledge-based economy and occupying a high-end segment of the global division of labor, low-value-added manufacturing activities ceased to exist. Receive attention. After the outbreak of the financial crisis, the “remanufacturing strategy†of developed countries was the result of a deep reflection on the causes and development ideas of the crisis. It was the result of a re-understanding of the role of manufacturing and a result of the re-understanding of the relationship between manufacturing and service industries. . The United States has re-emphasized the role of manufacturing industry in increasing production efficiency, creating high-income jobs, and stimulating the development of the service industry, highlighting the indispensable role of manufacturing in maintaining national comprehensive strength. The Obama Administration’s remanufacturing strategy has unprecedented scale and momentum. This will have a profound impact on the economic development concepts and policies of the countries including the United States.
Second, the remanufacturing strategy of the developed countries will not change the evolutionary direction of the global division of labor between developed and developing countries, but it may delay the transfer of high-end manufacturing. With the continuous deepening of economic globalization, more and more countries have participated in the international division of labor in global manufacturing in accordance with their respective comparative advantages. Developed countries have occupied high value-added links in terms of technology and capital, and developing economies have occupied labor. Intensified links and low-value added technologies and capital-intensive production links, developed countries and developing countries have formed a vertical division of labor-based industrial division of labor, while at the same time, the level of division of labor between developed countries in the main Also deepened.
As long as the trend of economic globalization does not reverse, the trend of global industrial division of labor continues to deepen will not fundamentally change, because the current development trend of the global division of labor reflects the inherent requirements of the development of the productive forces and is a fierce market competition under the background of economic globalization. result. Due to the increase in labor costs in China, the gap between labor costs in some regions of the United States and China has narrowed, coupled with rising transportation costs caused by high oil prices and higher efficiency in the US service industry. A small amount of manufacturing activities targeting the developed country's home market has returned. Judging from the current situation, the outsourcing of manufacturing activities in developed countries is still more than moving back. For example, although the French manufacturing revitalization plan included subsidies for companies that intend to return to invest in France, and indeed French companies increase domestic investment in order to obtain government subsidies, the overall situation is that the outward movement of French manufacturing is still carry on. Foreign direct investment in French manufacturing in 2010 reached 210 billion euros, which is 106 billion euros more than foreign direct investment in manufacturing, indicating that the outward shift of manufacturing has not been weakened by the implementation of the industrial revitalization plan.
Third, the remanufacturing strategy of developed countries will increase international trade frictions. In order to realize the goal of the remanufacturing strategy, developed countries attach more importance to protecting the market opportunities of their manufacturing industries, increase the use of trade remedy measures such as anti-dumping and countervailing measures, protect the local market, and increase the friction in international trade. However, if its trade policy violates the rules of the World Trade Organization, its trading partners may adopt a "regular" trade retaliatory policy, which will not be conducive to the expansion of exports of manufactured goods. The lesson of the "Great Depression" of the 20th century is still present. Therefore, global trade protectionism will rise but it will not form a trend factor that affects the global economic development.
Fourth, the remanufacturing strategy of developed countries will intensify international investment competition. The developed countries pay more attention to attracting foreign investment and formulate a series of preferential policies, which will have a certain impact on the flow of cross-border investment and attract more intense international investment competition. In terms of foreign investment, on the one hand, developed countries may impose more obstacles on high-end manufacturing and industries that affect more jobs, and they will try to delay the outward shift of the industry. On the other hand, for the foreign investment that can stimulate exports, the government It will support domestic enterprises in opening up markets, require host countries to open investment markets, and promote the liberalization of transnational investments.
Fifth, the re-manufacturing strategy of developed countries will help adjust the rules of globalization. The developed countries are the biggest winners of economic globalization, but they are also adversely affected by the “industrial hollowing outâ€. In order to minimize the negative impact of economic globalization on developed countries, developed countries began to brewing and promoting the current international trade and investment rules in a more favorable direction. For example, some experts have proposed replacing “free trade†with “fair tradeâ€. The United States and Europe have also reached a consensus on promoting the formulation of global investment rules.
Sixth, the remanufacturing strategy of developed countries will accelerate the industrialization of new technologies. First, under the strategy of remanufacturing, the developed countries will give support to emerging industries in R&D, financing, talents, technical training for industrial workers, and market demand, and will effectively promote clean energy, new materials, biomedicine, etc. It has made breakthroughs in representing the new technological revolution and accelerated its industrialization process. Second, the competitive advantages of emerging industries in developed countries may increase.
In short, the re-manufacturing strategy of developed countries will delay the relocation of high-end manufacturing and accelerate the technological breakthroughs and industrialization of emerging industries, which will help the developed countries maintain their superior position in high-end manufacturing and strategic emerging industries; At the same time, the acceleration of new industries in developed countries will stimulate emerging economies and other countries to increase investment in emerging industries and policy support, thereby accelerating the development of their emerging industries.
Third, the influence of the remanufacturing strategy of developed countries on China
China ranks first in the world as a manufacturing power, but it occupies a low position in the division of global value chains. In general, the division of labor between China and the developed countries is more complementary than competitive. In recent years, China’s comparative advantage is undergoing profound changes. The export structure is in a critical period of upgrading from labor-intensive products to technology and capital-intensive products. Upgrading the manufacturing structure will enable China to gradually compete positively with developed countries. This is both an opportunity and an opportunity. The challenge is that the upgrading of China's manufacturing industry structure and the remanufacturing strategy of developed countries are in the same window period, and it needs to attach great importance to the impact of its remanufacturing strategy on China.
(I) Opportunities for the development of the remanufacturing industry in developed countries
1. Relaxation of export controls will help China introduce advanced technologies. In order to enhance the export competitiveness of manufacturing industries, the United States has relaxed its export controls, which provides new opportunities for China’s imports of advanced technologies. However, the developed countries have generally increased their preventive mentality. China needs to increase consultations between governments and reduce discrimination.
2. Accelerate the development of emerging industries. The United States will accelerate technological breakthroughs in emerging industries and will accelerate the scale production of emerging industries. China may quickly participate in the global production value chain of emerging industries by leveraging low-cost advantages, but it must be highly vigilant and locked at the low end.
3. Provide market opportunities for Chinese companies to share investment from governments in developed countries. Developed countries will invest large sums of money in the revitalization of infrastructure and other fields, and China will have international competitiveness in infrastructure construction and many traditional products. Some U.S. legislators have suggested that U.S. government investment will indirectly provide Chinese companies with $150 billion in market opportunities.
4. It is conducive to improving the "going out" environment for Chinese enterprises. China is experiencing a period of rapid growth in foreign investment. The developed countries have vigorously attracted foreign investment and adopted more favorable incentive policies. Some local governments have spared no effort to provide preferential policies and provided opportunities for Chinese enterprises to expand investment in developed countries. On the one hand, Chinese enterprises can transfer some of their excess capacity through investment in the United States, making it easier to enter the US market. Japanese auto companies have successfully occupied the U.S. market through investment in the United States, and their experience can be used for reference. On the other hand, Chinese enterprises can obtain short-sale technology, brands, and sales channels through investment in the United States, improve the status of Chinese enterprises in the global value chain of division of labor, and promote the upgrading of China's industrial structure.
(B) The Challenges of China's Remanufacturing Strategies in Developed Countries
1. To increase the pressure on China to further open its markets. From the perspective of advanced economies, China is the market with the greatest potential. China's economy is huge in size and the degree of market protection is high, and there is a huge trade surplus for most developed countries. The developed countries must realize their goal of revitalizing the manufacturing industry and must open up the Chinese market as their important goal. Therefore, developed countries will increase their pressure on China in many aspects, such as opening up the government procurement market, appreciation of the RMB exchange rate, lowering tariffs, protecting intellectual property rights, equal competition of domestic and foreign-funded enterprises, and undertaking more responsibility for trade and investment liberalization.
2. Deteriorating China’s external economic and trade environment and increasing the difficulty of upgrading our export structure. The upgrading of China's export structure will be in direct competition with developed countries in its home market and third-party markets. Advanced economies will adopt more trade protection measures to protect their markets. The trade friction with China is now spreading from traditional products to technology-intensive products. The recent US anti-dumping and countervailing investigations on wind power equipment and solar energy products in China reflect that The strategic intent of the United States to suppress China's strategic emerging industries. Developed countries will take more preventive measures against China’s access to advanced technologies through mergers, acquisitions, and imports of foreign investment. The United States vigorously promoted the Pan-Pacific Partnership Project (TPP) and tried to construct a new set of trade and investment rules in an attempt to squeeze China’s external development space. In addition, in order to maintain its global dominance, the United States will adopt comprehensive measures to restrict the upgrading of China’s export structure. If it is handled improperly, the possibility of a large-scale trade war between China and the United States will not be ruled out in the future.
3. It may widen the gap between emerging technologies in China and developed countries. Whether the developed countries can finally emerge from the financial crisis depends on breakthroughs in the new technological revolution and large-scale industrialization. Emerging industries are the focus of remanufacturing in developed countries. With the promotion of government policies and measures, developed countries may further strengthen their competitive advantages in emerging industries. Although China may participate in the low-end value chain of emerging industries, it is in The gap between emerging technologies may widen.
Fourth, policy recommendations
First, to draw lessons from the experience of the remanufacturing strategy of developed countries, and attach great importance to the development of China's manufacturing industry and structural upgrading. Before the crisis broke out, Western countries paid too much attention to service and financialization while neglecting the manufacturing industry. This has also had a great impact on China’s theoretical circles and even some policies. The strategy of remanufacturing in developed countries is the result of rethinking past practices. Manufacturing efficiency has been increased most rapidly, and jobs with higher income are available. It is the source of driving the development of the producer services industry. Industrial upgrading is not simply abandoning manufacturing. In service industry, we must attach great importance to the upgrade of the value chain of the manufacturing industry itself and extend and upgrade the service value chain based on the manufacturing industry. From the perspective of global division of labor, in the foreseeable future, China will rely mainly on manufacturing to build the country. Therefore, we should attach great importance to the development of the manufacturing industry from the national strategy. We should regard upgrading the quality of manufacturing products and promoting the upgrading of the manufacturing value chain as the primary focus of the transformation of development methods, and correct misconceptions and inappropriate policies in the manufacturing industry.
In advancing the upgrading of manufacturing industry, we should learn from some of the useful experiences of the remanufacturing strategy of developed countries, such as the comprehensive support for policy measures; attach great importance to the training of skilled workers' skills; take appropriate measures to ensure the continuity of strategy and policy; attach importance to policy Effective mid-term and final evaluation; give full play to the main role of the company.
Second, adjust the development strategy of the manufacturing industry and take measures to promote technological breakthroughs and upgrade of the value chain. In order to adapt to the profound changes in China’s comparative advantages and the new situation in the international environment, China needs to adjust the development strategy of capital-technology-intensive manufacturing industries from the current development strategy with a stronger protection color to an open development strategy in order to enhance the international competition in capital-intensive industries. The main objective is to promote the manufacturing industry to break through the technical bottlenecks and upgrade the value chain. The first is to reduce market protection and create a market environment in which multiple ownership enterprises compete on an equal footing. The second is to deepen innovation systems, reform state-owned enterprises, increase R&D investment, and increase research and development efficiency. Third, we must vigorously support Chinese enterprises to obtain overseas technology through outbound investment. With brands, nurture a large number of internationally competitive multinational corporations as the new main body of China's industrial structure upgrading. Fourth, vigorously introduce high-end technical talents and give full play to the role of leading talents with technology. Fifth, introduce foreign projects with higher technological content. Expand the technology spillover effect of foreign capital; Sixthly, increase research investment in emerging technologies, give full play to the advantages of the domestic market, and cultivate the international competitiveness of Chinese enterprises in emerging industries.
Third, strive to maintain the advantages of traditional manufacturing in our country. In recent years, the rising rate of labor costs in our country continues to exceed the rate of increase in labor productivity, and the competitive advantages of traditional manufacturing industries are facing major challenges. Labor-intensive traditional manufacturing industries are of great significance to solving employment. While China attaches importance to the upgrading of manufacturing industries, we must attach great importance to maintaining the international competitiveness of traditional manufacturing industries. The first is to reform the employment system, stabilize the workforce, improve worker skills, improve labor efficiency and product quality; second, rationally guide enterprises to improve their equipment level and increase labor productivity; Third, strengthen vocational education, pay attention to on-the-job training, and vigorously improve the quality of workers. The fourth is to curb the trend of excessively rising real estate prices in some regions and to reduce production costs and the cost of living of employees. Fifth, to attach great importance to the development of small and medium-sized enterprises and practically solve various problems faced by SMEs such as financing difficulties and recruitment difficulties; Efforts will be made to promote the development of producer services, improve the level and efficiency of the service industry, and reduce the overall cost of manufacturing products in China; seventh is to guide the gradient transfer of processing trade from coastal developed areas to less developed coastal areas; and 8 to guide and support the adoption of traditional manufacturing enterprises. Foreign investment has entered the developed country's home market.
Fourth, firmly grasp the opportunity of the revitalization plan for developed countries. The first is to do a good job of the technical needs of enterprises in China, and actively promote the United States to further relax the export restrictions of these technologies; second is to give full play to the role of foreign economic and trade institutions and economic and trade research institutions, and increase information collection and research on the revitalization of technology in developed countries. , promptly release relevant information and research results to Chinese enterprises to guide Chinese enterprises to seize opportunities; third, through intergovernmental negotiations, to create conditions for the smooth entry of Chinese enterprises into the infrastructure markets of developed countries; and fourth, to expand our country and developed countries in the new The pragmatic cooperation in the field of technology will ensure that China will enter the first phalanx in the key technological breakthroughs in strategic emerging industries.
Fifth, comprehensively enhance our ability to participate in global economic governance and create a favorable external economic and trade environment. Pay close attention to the new trends in investment agreements, trade policies, and other regulatory areas promoted by developed countries, vigorously strengthen China’s ability to participate in global governance, enhance China’s discourse power and influence in global economic governance, and guide global regulations to benefit emerging economies. The evolution of the country's direction. We must fully realize the risk of deteriorating external economic and trade environment in our country and increase dialogue and cooperation between major developed countries led by the United States in bilateral, regional, and G20 areas, and strive to safeguard China's external economic and trade environment. Special attention should be paid to strengthening cooperation with Japan and Europe so as to balance the US’s suppression of China. Utilizing Japanese manufacturing industry's urgent requirements for opening up emerging markets, we will accelerate the negotiation of the China-Japan-Korea free trade zone.
Make use of some controversial policy measures in the remanufacturing strategy of developed countries as a bargaining chip for China’s foreign negotiations. For example, the U.S. "Recovery Act" stipulates that U.S.-produced steel, iron, and manufactured products will be used in public buildings and public works funded by the U.S. bill; the Department of Homeland Security is required to purchase U.S.-produced textiles and clothing. The relevant departments of our country should meticulously study the policy measures of developed countries, use such controversial policy measures as a bargaining chip for China’s foreign negotiations, and strive for a better external economic and trade environment.
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