The national standards and industry standards generated by various systemic game of interests are no longer adapted to the needs of many places, and urgently need to carry out the reform of standard formulation and evaluation methods in the process of promotion of group standards.
Although the metering instrument is supervised by the national technical supervision department, the drawbacks of the traditional operating model have formed an inertia and are no longer suitable for the needs of technological innovation and management innovation.
In order to solve the problem that electricity, water, gas, and thermal supply units pose an unfair problem both as an athlete and a referee, we should learn from the practice of introducing meter reading companies in developed countries and establish a “third-party service system†for supply and consumption. Establish a fair trade bridge between them.
Explain the importance of establishing a third-party service system as an example.
About Fair Trade Why the market supervision department set up a "fair scale" in the mall because the buyer does not believe the accuracy of the merchant's electronic scales (doubt that the merchants are doing things on the scales). Can the buyer then use his electronic scale for weighing? Yes, but only for comparison and verification, the merchant will not agree to trade settlement according to your electronic scale.
However, in the supply of electricity, water, gas, and heat, it is a common practice to purchase metering equipment, install itself, read the meter, and charge oneself. Obviously, there is an irrational phenomenon, but consumers are required to choose their own measuring instruments. Will not agree, the reason is very good: "not good management", therefore, the introduction of third-party services is imperative.
The metering equipments such as electricity meters, water meters, gas meters, heat meters, and electronic scales that are put on the market for technical supervision reforms are all issued by the Technical Supervision Bureau after being inspected according to the relevant standards. Theoretically, there should be no “lost Fair" condition. However, when consumers feel that their own new form of "watch" clearly "run faster" than the original watch, until the litigation to the court, after the testing of the statutory testing agencies, basically lost the case, why?
Take the water meter as an example. According to the current evaluation standard, if the error of your original water meter is -4%, it is qualified, and the error of your newly installed water meter is +4% if you are used to the Q1 flow rate and the Q2 flow rate. With water, the error between old and new water meters is 8%. You feel that the water meter is “running fast.†It is completely correct, but it is sent to the technical supervision and inspection department. According to the current evaluation standards, the water meter is still qualified, so you Must lose the case.
Many standards and evaluation rules on standard reforms are no longer adapted to the needs of new technologies and the development of new situations.
Still taking the water meter as an example, if the Q3 common flow rate and range ratio are used as criteria for evaluating the performance of the water meter, then the water meter can detect up to seven fixed flow points at the time of detection, and these fixed points can be artificially corrected as qualified. Electronic water meters, especially electronic water meters, are easy to implement, but other flow points do not necessarily meet the requirements of errors. In the case of users with different water habits, the difference is still very large. Therefore, the current standards need to be revised.
For example, technical requirements, test methods, and inspection rules, which are originally continuous, must be separated, allowing readers to identify one label and one label, and lack of humanity. Not only will the reading staff feel fatigued, it is the standard compiling staff who will often engage in Wrong, many countries' standard "Revision List" has already expressed the problem of this format.
There are too many citation criteria, causing no distinction between the primary and secondary, and the topic is not prominent. The writing style of the eight-part text format is undoubtedly for readers who are based on the standards. It is a good description of the text, and it must be a matter of fact.
Originally, the "Standard" was used to guide practice. In the past, the concept was to use the "standard" as a means to check and balance counterparts. Therefore, many departments and agencies used various resources and rushed to formulate standards, resulting in a large number of "standards." , Contradictory to each other, has become no standard. The organizer of standard setting is to seize the purpose of the participating units wishing to check and balance their peers through standards, to make money, and to turn an academic thing into a means to make money.
I am in favor of promoting the implementation of group standards and guiding the production practices of this group with standards. Therefore, we should reform relevant policies when promoting group standards.
With regard to the reform of inspection methods, many users are not aware that the metering and technical supervision bureaus are only responsible for the inspection of 3 prototypes (manufacturers have many ways to make it qualified), and then they issue a "Measurement Permit" according to the on-site assessment. The product can be sold. Of course, market supervision is also a must, such as “first inspectionâ€. However, in practice, many “certificates of inspection†are used to sell money, and the price is high, and some are as high as 50 yuan (Zhang), accounting for A large part of the cost of the product, the corruption produced therein is self-evident, the relevant state departments should pay attention to and reform, will focus on monitoring the measurement of products, the implementation of the "advancement and strict management" policy, sampling unqualified heavy penalties on the production unit , thereby curbing the "certificate of issuing money" to accumulate wealth.
Similarly, what paid "market access permits" and "recorded permits" are also factors that breed corruption and call on the relevant state departments to attach importance to and accelerate reforms.
Regarding the application of a lot of metering standards for new technology, it is for mechanical measuring instruments. Today, when electronic information technology is so advanced, it is obviously not appropriate to measure electronic meters with the technical standards of mechanical instruments.
Electronic metering devices can improve metering accuracy and facilitate fair trading.
From this point of view, many standards can enhance the requirements, but they involve departments or local interests and are difficult to implement.
For example, because it is the supply unit selection list, loading table, meter reading, and charges, they try to select instruments that meet the standards but have a margin of error, and even require that the production unit must be adjusted to a positive balance. In this case, a meter with 2 levels of error (plus or minus 2%) will not select a meter with a level 1 error (positive or negative 1%). This is why high-precision meters are not popular and relevant standards are unwilling to increase. The reason for this is that their criteria are that the standards should be broad enough to accommodate most enterprises, but the essence is that once standards are improved, many companies will be eliminated, especially the instrument companies or relationship units within their systems. This is an interest group. Not expected.
It's not that technology can't do it because they don't want to do it. Benefits dictate.
Take natural gas metering as an example. According to statistics, natural gas metering, with an accuracy of 0.1%, can reduce the loss of 180 million cubic meters of natural gas and bring huge economic benefits. The implication is that if the gas metering accuracy error is adjusted from -1% to +1%, then 2% of the revenue is 3.6 billion cubic meters of natural gas, which is 12.6 billion yuan in accordance with the first step price of 3.5 yuan/cubic meter. Therefore, do not underestimate the instrument error, which is the same with Alipay transfer transfer fee, 1 yuan may not matter to you, but transfer 10 million a day, Alipay received 10 million yuan.
As the supplier refused to adopt new technologies, some consumers used the disadvantages of conventional instruments to gain illegal profits: For example, using the characteristics of mechanical water meters with low sensitivity and large errors, tapping the water tap every day to make it small has become public The secret has caused the loss of the water company; there are also consumers who intentionally rotate the household rotary-wing water meter by 90 degrees, and the error in the lateral rotation of the small flow can reach 6 times the normal error, and the longitudinal rotation error can reach 10 times in the large flow. When the vertical and horizontal rotation of 90 degrees up to 1 times the error, whether in the small flow or large flow are negative errors, that is, the slower the more the walk.
Regarding the analysis of who chooses the type of instrument, it can be seen that the supply unit insists on its own supply, chooses its own form, buys its own form, installs its own form, reads its own form, and collects its own fees. It is not because of technical problems, nor is it a policy issue. It is an interest. problem. If this situation is not broken, the accuracy of the measurement standard will be difficult to increase, and the instruments installed by the supply company must be positive.
Then whether consumers can choose their own table, because the pipeline is set up by the supply company, energy and resources are sold by them, in addition to want to adjust the table as positive factors, they do not believe consumers, because consumers may Regarding negative adjustments, whether they are biased or negative, they are basically in compliance with relevant standards (if the supply company deliberately chooses instruments that can gain profits illegally as tools for trade settlement, they will obviously exceed the standards).
In addition, since the gas company installs pre-paid gas meters, then the gas company should assume the battery replacement. The reality is that when the ordinary battery is dead, the gas meter valve is closed and the user needs to buy the battery himself. This cost exceeds the internal battery. Cost, each user generally needs to bear the cost of one yuan per month (alkaline battery 3, 2.5 yuan per section, a total of 7.5 yuan, replaced once every six months), which is very unreasonable.
Therefore, the introduction of third-party services, the selection of high-precision measurement equipment, and the supervision and supervision of the supply and demand sides and technical supervision departments, and the establishment of a fair trade order are important reforms supported by the government.
(Original title: Importance of the introduction of third-party services in the electrothermal water-heat trade and reform model)
Flake Graphite is a natural crystalline graphite. It is shaped like fish phosphorus, and is a six-square crystal system. It is layered and has good properties of high temperature resistance, conduction, heat conduction, lubrication, plasticization and acid and alkali resistance.
Flake graphite is a natural solid lubricant of layered structure, rich in resources and cheap in price.
feature
The flake graphite crystallization is complete, the film is thin and the toughness is good, the materialized performance is excellent, has the good thermal conductivity, the conductivity, the thermal shock resistance, corrosion resistance and so on.
distribution
In December 2015, geological prospectors found a large scale graphite mine in alashan, Inner Mongolia. The total amount of graphite resources was 1. 300 million tons, about 7 of the world's recoverable reserves. 3%, average grade 5. 45%. According to the introduction, such high grade, large-scale graphite mineral deposits are rare in China. [1]
In 2013, the U.S. geological survey reported that the global scale of graphite minerals was less than 5 million tons. The discovery was made in alashan, which has a large scale of 703 million tons of graphite in the area of zahan mushi.
classification
Classified according to the carbon content
Like C %, 99.9% High Purity Graphite; Ninety-four percent of "C %" is high carbon graphite; 80% "C %" is medium carbon graphite; 50% "C %" is low carbon graphite.
Classification by size of granularity
When the particle size is smaller than w38 micropowder graphite.
standard
Scale graphite standard GB T 3518-2008
apply
refractory
Flake graphite is widely used in the treatment of gold industry of advanced refractory materials and coatings. Such as magnesia carbon brick, crucible, etc. Military industrial firework material stabilizer, smelting industrial desulfurization growth agent, light industry lead pen, electric industry carbon brush, battery industry electrode, fertilizer industry catalyst and so on. The flake graphite is deeply processed, and it can produce the graphite milk for lubricant, deformable agent, drawing agent, conductive coating and so on. It can also produce expanded graphite for flexible graphite products such as flexible graphite seals and flexible graphite composite products.
dope
The flake graphite as the functional filler of coating is mainly used for anticorrosive coating, fire retardant coating and conductive coating.
As an anticorrosive material, it has anti-rust primer, such as carbon black, talcum powder and oil, which has good corrosion resistance of chemicals and solvents. If you add zinc and yellow to the formula, it is better to rust.
A graphite interlayer compound obtained from Natural Graphite scales as raw materials, chemically or electrochemically treated. Expandable graphite under the condition of heat, swelling volume (up to 300 times) suffocate the flames, at the same time generate inflation, to isolate the flame, delay or interrupt the effect of flame spread, and itself does not burn, good flexibility, high surface energy, intensity of carbonized layer. But the volume and dosage of the expansive body should be suitable. The test shows that the 150um particles, 30% expansion multiples and 5% dosage are the most suitable.
The flake graphite can be directly used as a carbon conductive filler and can be made into a composite conductive filler for conductive coatings. However, due to the large addition of graphite flake, the coating can be brittle and its application is limited. Therefore, measures are taken to further improve the conductivity of graphite and effectively reduce the amount of graphite flake. Our domestic chemical machinery research institute has developed a high temperature and corrosion resistant resin as basic material, with the strong ability of conducting electrostatic entities large flake graphite flake as the main aggregates, with high intensity of ontology Good abrasion resistance.
The anti - deformation cracking - good short - cut fiber material is a solvent - free thick film conductive coating. The coating has the characteristics of anti-corrosive media penetration, small residual stress, good anti-matrix deformation, stable construction performance and long - term conductive static. Can be used in oil tank inner wall guide electrostatic coating. With electroless plating technique, according to the data of graphite powders metallized, such as copper, nickel, silver, such as the preparation of composite conductive filler, with 30% of the amount used in conductive coating, not only its conductivity is very good, and further improve corrosion.
Flake Graphite,Graphite Sheets,Natural Flake Graphite,Medium Carbon Graphite
Fengcheng Ruixing Carbon Products Co., Ltd , https://www.lnfcrxts.com