1. Technical means and methods for uranium exploration
The technical advantages and methods used in China's uranium geology work are: radioactive geological mapping (or radioactive geological survey), prospecting engineering, geophysical prospecting (referred to as general geophysical exploration), radioactive geophysical prospecting (radiophysical exploration), the Earth Chemical prospecting (referred to as geochemical exploration) rock ore testing, remote sensing geology, mathematical geology.
(1) Radioactive geological mapping
This is one of the most basic technical methods for uranium geology work, and it must be used in all stages of mine exploration and in geological science research. The radioactive geological mapping is within a certain range, according to the requirements of a certain scale, the observation route is arranged, the geological body and geological phenomena are actually observed and measured, and the stratum and rock structure are systematically studied by using geological theory and other scientific knowledge through comprehensive arrangement. The objective laws of Taiyue are marked on various geological maps to achieve the purpose of prospecting and conducting geological scientific research. Geological mapping is a knowledge-intensive work. As long as there are certain geological science and technology personnel and equipped with corresponding field producers, it is possible to carry out this work without much investment, so its economic benefits are very . For example, fill in.
(2) Prospecting works
Including trench exploration, well exploration, exploration and drilling. The first three categories are collectively referred to as pit exploration work, which is characterized by the use of geological phenomena in the surface and shallow geological bodies for the direct observation and research of geological personnel to obtain first geological data. Except for excavation and pit exploration projects (such as Pingshuo, Shaft, Inclined Well, etc.), it requires more mechanical equipment and investment. The rest of the projects (probing, shallow wells, hand digging tunnels, etc.) are low in cost and technically uncomplicated, so they are often used in quality work. The main problems are the low degree of mechanization and the high physical labor intensity. The main direction of future technological reform of the pit exploration project.
Drilling, uranium geological exploration work mainly mechanical core drilling (including steel shot drill, hard alloy drill and diamond drilling, etc.), characteristics of drilling project is a multi-mechanical equipment, high efficiency, high cost, the process requires strict comparison technique complex. At present, drilling engineering is the most reliable means of deep prospecting. It can obtain physical data such as core, core, cuttings and rock powder, and can also be used for various well detection wells (such as gamma logging, inclination measurement, The future development direction of drilling engineering technology is mainly to improve the drilling ability under various complex geological conditions, deep hole, large diameter hole (such as some sampling holes), directional alignment, etc. Improve the rate of adoption of rock cores; improve the process and operation level to ensure the quality of drilling, improve drilling efficiency and reduce costs; improve the standardization, generalization, serialization, lightness of machinery and equipment, convenient disassembly and assembly, and rapid transfer. Ability to adapt to a variety of terrain and traffic conditions. Lightweight, fast, efficient and quality. The purpose of the economy. Prospecting works are important projects for geological work expenses, accounting for more than 60% of geological survey costs, so the economic benefits of this work must be improved.
(3) Rock and mineral test
Rock ore testing mainly refers to microscopic identification and determination of mineral composition, chemical composition, physical properties, chemical properties of rocks and ores, radioactive physical analysis, chemical analysis, mechanical and physical processing and chemical processing tests. Rock ore testing is a geological survey. Mineral geology, hydrogeology, engineering geology, petroleum geology, environmental geology, seismic geology, geophysical exploration, and geochemical exploration are all indispensable basic technical means and methods. In the exploration of deposits, rock ore height is also an indispensable means for deposit research, stratigraphic and lithofacies palaeogeography, tectonic geological research, isotope geology research and other geological scientific research. The main problems existing in current rock ore surveys are: field field test capability is poor, speed is slow, accuracy is not high enough, and some analysis and identification are costly and cannot meet the needs of geological survey work.
(4) Geophysical prospecting
Geophysical prospecting, which is based on the geophysical properties of the region and the differences in geophysical properties between various geological bodies and ore bodies, using the principles of ore deposits and prospecting exploration to study and analyze various anomalous characteristics, distribution laws and their A relatively economical and effective method and means of prospecting for ore bodies. One of the characteristics of uranium mines is radioactivity, so uranium minerals are classified according to their radioactive characteristics. Radioactive geophysical exploration and general geophysical exploration, general geophysical exploration according to its research Geophysical properties are different, and can be divided into seismic methods, electromagnetic methods, etc. The main features of geophysical exploration are fast speed and large depth of detection. Most instruments and equipment are relatively light (except seismic method) and can be easily carried and used for ground detection. Ground gamma measurement, electrical measurement, magnetic measurement, etc.) can also be used for aerial exploration (aviation geophysical exploration such as gamma measurement, aeromagnetic measurement, etc.) The total cost is not too high, and the development of instruments should be strengthened in the future. Improvements and method tests to improve instrument performance, expand application range (such as development of energy spectrum measurement, etc.), strengthen rock physical properties, known basic research of geological bodies and ore body anomalies, and strive to improve operational levels, work quality and abnormal levels.
(5) Geochemical prospecting
Geochemical prospecting is referred to as geochemical exploration. It is based on the principles of geochemical deposits and prospecting exploration geology. Through the sampling of rocks, soils, modernism, and plants, spectral and chemical analysis, and the discovery of metallogenic elements. Geochemical anomalies of their associated elements, and their relationship with sulfuric acid, a method for achieving ore-seeking purposes, generally divided into rock geochemical measurements, soil geochemical measurements, water-based biogeochemical measurements, biogeochemistry Measurement and other methods to improve the geochemical prospecting effect is to grasp the sampling. For analysis and abnormality, sampling must be representative; sample analysis requires analysis of the types of elements with high sensitivity and high accuracy, and the analysis speed is fast; the abnormality should be improved.
(6) Remote sensing geological technology
Remote sensing geological technology is a new geological technology method produced by applying remote sensing technology to geology after the 1940s. The so-called remote sensing technology refers to a technical means and method for measuring the change of electromagnetic radiation using electromagnetic energy as a detection target, and the working wavelength range is from ultraviolet to microwave. It is based on the principle that electromagnetic radiation interacts with matter. The amplitude, direction, wavelength, polarization, and phase of the radiation are changed. Remote sensing technology aims to determine and reproduce the scene and its properties by detecting these changes. According to international custom, remote sensing telemetry technology includes photogrammetry, television measurement, multi-spectral measurement, infrared measurement radar measurement, laser measurement and holographic measurement (excluding aeronautical geophysical methods), which has the advantages of high speed, high quality and low cost. . For example, the Earth Resources Satellite Photograph has a strong macroscopicity, a large amount of information, and an image with approximately orthographic projection and high quality. The development of remote sensing geotechnical methods should be taken seriously as an important task in establishing and developing the foundation of China's modern geological technology.
2. Economic analysis of instruments and equipment for uranium resources exploration work
The equipment and equipment for uranium geological exploration work can be divided into: according to its function and scope of use:
(1) Prospecting engineering machinery and equipment. These include drilling, pit inspection machinery and corresponding electrical transportation equipment. Such as various types of drilling rigs . Pumps, diesel engines, electric motors, pressure fans, pneumatic drills, blowers, rock machines, rock loaders, transport machinery, etc. This type of mechanical equipment is the main fixed asset of the geological exploration unit, with large investment and wide application. Increasing the utilization rate of equipment of such equipment, the integrity rate, and strengthening its management are of great significance for improving the economic benefits of investment in geological exploration units.
(2) Geophysical equipment, including radioactive geophysical instruments and general geophysical instruments. The former such as various types of ground gamma radiation meters, ground energy spectrometers, gamma logging tools, indoor radioactivity analyzers, gamma recorders, automotive gamma spectrometers, aviation gamma spectrometers, etc.; , Seismographs, gravimeters, electrical methods and other equipment, aerial surveys, vehicle surveys, marine surveys are also equipped with aircraft (mostly for rent), cars and ships. For more than 30 years, China's radioactive geophysical instruments have evolved from Geiger counters to scintillation. Until now, the sensitivity of the instrument, the sensitivity of the instrument, the crown of the Buddha, and the lightness have been greatly improved. The above various instruments and equipment shall be separately equipped according to the tasks undertaken by the geological surveying units. Such expensive equipment is often configured by specialized surveying units, such as aerial survey equipment, which is used by aerial survey teams.
(3) Geochemical equipment, including various physical and chemical analysis experimental identification instruments, such as spectrometers, spectrometers and other analytical instruments.
(4) Rock and mineral testing equipment. Including various types of microscopes, electron microscope light analyzers, etc.
In addition, there are various instruments and equipment required for remote sensing geology.
According to the statistical geological system, there are various models and specifications of 2400 kinds of modern geological exploration work on the requirements of the instrument; it tends to high precision and high efficiency. Equipment investment is becoming more and more expensive, and the maintenance cost of equipment (maintenance fee, demolition fee, occupation fee) is increasing in the proportion of exploration cost. How to use the corresponding equipment according to the characteristics of objective geological body The biggest economic effect is already a problem worthy of further study.
In order to maximize the role of instruments and equipment in geological exploration work, the selection of instruments and equipment should be based on the general principle of technical advancement and economic rationality, and comprehensively carry out technical and economic argumentation and select preferred use. Generally pay attention to the following points;
1. The working efficiency of instruments and equipment should be high.
2, can guarantee the quality requirements of the project or work.
3. Instruments and equipment should be adapted to the field working conditions. Such as compact structure, light weight, small size, small footprint, easy to move and so on.
4, the price is cheap.
5. Carry out the most economical instruments and equipment on the premise of ensuring that the technical requirements are met. Generally, the optimal solution can be selected through comparative analysis of several programs. The method often used is the payback period method. That is, first calculate the investment amount of different instruments and equipment (calculated according to equipment prices), and consider using new equipment to improve labor productivity. Energy consumption, guarantee the saving of work quality, calculate the investment recovery period of different equipment;
Under the same conditions, the equipment with the shortest investment recovery period is the optimal equipment investment recovery period, and the equipment investment effect is more.
Third, improve the economic benefits of uranium resources exploration work
The geological exploration process of uranium mine is a process of comprehensive application of multi-purpose multi-purpose sections. Its understanding of the laws of objective geology is a process of gradual deepening. It is often difficult to understand geological objects with a single method and Shengyun. Of course, the more you use the more methods, the more you can grasp the objective laws. This has a question of how to improve the multi-skills and use the comprehensive economic benefits. How to get the most geological results with minimal input. The following points must be noted for this purpose.
(1) The comprehensive application of uranium geology technology and methods must be targeted. Today's uranium geological exploration work has entered a new stage of finding hidden ore bodies and deep blind ore bodies. To improve the prospecting effect, it is necessary to take the comprehensive prospecting road. Because each method has its limitations, only comprehensive methods can make up for their respective shortcomings. The so-called comprehensive prospecting is to select economically effective methods and means according to the specific conditions of the prospecting area, comprehensively apply, complement each other, and mutual Verification, improve the search results, comprehensive system prospecting is not a simple stacking of various methods, nor is it a simple repetition of multiple methods without efficacy, but under the premise of the lord's prospecting effect, according to the specific conditions, with as few as possible The investment, in a targeted manner, first uses an integrated approach to obtain the economic effects of prospecting.
(2) In the exploration of mineral deposits, the selection of exploration techniques and their combinations should be fully economically demonstrated. According to the analysis and comparison of various schemes, the best means and combination of economical and effective methods should be selected for exploration and deposit exploration. Technical means are mainly two types of drilling and pit exploration engineering, which can combine various exploration systems (such as vertical tunnel system, horizontal tunnel, horizontal and vertical tunnel combined system, horizontal tunnel---drilling system, horizontal and vertical tunnel) ----Drilling system, drilling system, etc.) Different mining systems can choose different exploration system choices. The burial conditions of the deposit, the ore body shape, the topographical conditions, the complexity of the geological structure, etc. should be considered. An economically sound exploration system for exploration.
(3) Efforts to improve the comprehensive judgment and economic evaluation ability of geological technicians are important measures to improve the comprehensive application of economic effects by geological technical methods and means. The first choice is to improve the comprehensive judgment ability of geological technicians so that they can be based on various geological techniques. Through the comprehensive analysis, the various geological information provided by the method can be used to obtain correct intimacy, so that all work can be established on the correct basis, and work should be done according to objective geological laws to ensure that there is no technical error. However, this is not enough. As a qualified engineering and technical personnel, it must also possess certain technical and economic knowledge. It must understand the economic evaluation methods of different technical solutions. It can not only act according to geological laws but also act according to economic laws. Only in this way can we continuously improve the economic effects of the comprehensive application of geological technology methods and means.
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