1926 cesium no substantial industrial use. After that, helium was used as a getter for the electron tube, and later used mainly for the manufacture of photovoltaic cells and other photosensitive elements. Until the late seventies of last century, production is limited in most of the cesium is a thermionic power conversion, and magneto-hydrodynamic study ion engine propulsion, cesium salt use in the chemical industry, petroleum chemical and biological engineering are increase.
Excellent optical properties and chemically active properties rubidium and cesium, has a unique use of other non-metal element can be replaced in various technical fields. At present, most of the 铷 and 铯 are used in the field of research and development. The unique optoelectronic properties of tantalum and niobium are used as photocathode materials for the manufacture of photocells and photomultiplier tubes. Widely used in optoelectronic instruments and electron ray instruments, for automatic control of production processes, photometry, spectrometry, film, television, radar and radio facsimile technology, laser technology, etc., with wide range of light waves, high sensitivity and stability, etc. Features. For example, low-voltage electron beam camera tubes in television technology use tantalum cathodes.铷 and 铯 are also essential materials for infrared technology, can produce infrared filter, radiant energy receiver, electron-optical converter, etc., are aiming telescope, reconnaissance telescope, night vision device, infrared detector, infrared communication, infrared photography And important components of electronic equipment such as fire and security. The oscillating frequency of 铯 radiant energy has long-term stability and can be used as a standard for frequency and time. The error can be less than 5 seconds per 300 years. At present, helium atomic clocks have been widely used in communications, transportation, military and aerospace. Tantalum and niobium can also be used in electric light sources, laser technology, fluorescent materials and power supplies.
Rubidium, cesium oxide is used as catalyst, chloride and bromide for the production of metals, bromides and iodides used as an optical crystal, hydroxides of alkaline storage batteries used for the electrolyte and desulfurized heavy oil, with a dry microwave emitter nitrate Carbonate is used for open-loop magnetic current generation, iodide is used as a fluorescent substance, and chloride is also used as a density gradient medium in an ultracentrifuge to separate and filter viruses, ribonucleic acids and other macromolecular substances. In terms of catalysts, ruthenium and osmium have high chemical activity and low ionization potential, which can change the surface properties of the main catalyst, so that the catalyst has better activity, selectivity, stability, and can prolong the service life and prevent catalyst poisoning. At present, it has been widely used in catalytic synthesis reactions such as ammonia synthesis, sulfuric acid synthesis, hydrogenation, oxidation, and polymerization. For example, in the synthesis of ethylene oxide, a catalyst containing potassium and cesium is used, and when a methacrylic resin is produced, cerium nitrate is used as a catalyst.
In medicine, strontium and barium salts can be used to produce sleeping pills, sedatives and treat epilepsy. Diagnosing tumors with sputum and strontium radioisotope labeling systems, especially for brain and other tissues. Radioactive cesium can be used as a "marker" element in medical trials to track blood flow.
In addition, cerium nitrate is used as a photorefractive adjuster in multi-component glasses for optical fibers and cellulosic lenses; iodide is used as a solid electrolyte, which has a large ionic conductivity and can be used for large-capacity, high-current discharge. a solid electrolyte battery, the realization of miniaturization of electronic components of the film; rubidium, and cesium and mixtures of metal or alloy to be degassed and puncture refining agent and non-ferrous smelting ferrous metal or alloy; phosphate rubidium and cesium, Arsenic single crystal, can be used as a milling body, piezoelectric material; perchlorate and borohydride of bismuth and antimony , can be used as high-energy solid fuel; antimony and antimony , antimony lithium alloy, can be used as carrier reactor system a working fluid; cesium iodide or cesium fluoride added to the substrate made of zinc sulfide phosphor screen, the brightness can be enhanced: thallium-activated cesium iodide crystal scintillation counter was used to manufacture; sodium activated cesium iodide than The larger X-ray blocking capability of other halides has been used to manufacture X-ray image intensifier tubes for medical X-ray machines with high resolution, strength and stability, and low refractive index. At present, they are being studied in the field of new energy conversion fields such as magnetic fluid power generation, thermoelectric converters and ion rocket propulsion engines.
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