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In oil drilling, the drilling tool is used to break the rock and drill underground, drilling a well of a specified depth for the oil extraction machine or the gas extraction machine to obtain oil or natural gas. A commonly used oil drilling rig is mainly composed of eight parts: power machine, transmission machine, work machine and auxiliary equipment.
There are generally eight systems (rising system, rotating system, drilling fluid circulation system, transmission system, control system and monitoring display instrument, power drive system, drilling rig base, drilling rig auxiliary equipment system), which must have the ability to start and drill, rotary drilling Into the ability, cycle well wash ability. Its main equipment includes: derrick, crane, winch, traveling block, hook, turntable, faucet (power faucet) and drilling pump (used on site to call the rig eight), power machine (diesel engine, electric motor, gas turbine), and the , Main control equipment, well control equipment, and other major system hoisting system in order to lift and lower drilling tools, casing and control drilling pressure, into the drilling tool, drilling equipment is equipped with a lifting system.
The hoisting system includes winches, auxiliary brakes, overhead cranes, recreational vehicles, big hooks, wire ropes and rings, elevators, tongs, slips and other tools.
During hoisting, the winch drum is wound around the wire rope, and the crown block and the traveling car form a secondary pulley block. The hook lifts through the rings, elevators and other tools to enhance the drilling tool. When lowering, the drilling tool or casing string is lowered by its own weight, and the lowering speed of the big hook is controlled by means of the braking mechanism of the winch and the auxiliary brake. In normal drilling, the braking mechanism is used to control the feed speed of the drilling tool, and a part of the weight of the drilling tool is applied to the drill bit as a weighting pressure to achieve a broken rock formation.
Rotary System The Rotary System is a typical system for a rotary table drilling rig. Its role is to drive the drill to rotate to break the rock formation. The rotating system includes a turntable, faucets and drill tools.
According to the different types of drilling, the composition of drilling tools is also different, generally including kelly, drill rods, drill collars and drill bits, in addition to centralizers, shock absorbers, and fittings.
The drill bit is a tool for directly crushing the rock, such as a scraper bit, a roller bit, and a diamond bit. The weight and wall thickness of the drill collar are large enough to apply the bit pressure to the drill bit. The drill rod connects the ground equipment with the bottom hole equipment and transmits the torque. The square section of the kelly is generally square. The turntable drives the entire drill string and drill bit to rotate through the kelly. The faucet is a typical part of a rotary drilling machine. It not only bears the weight of the drilling tool, but also realizes rotary motion. At the same time, it also provides high pressure mud. Channel.
The circulatory system is equipped with a circulatory system in order to bring the rock debris broken by the drill bit to the ground in time to continue drilling, and to protect the borehole wall from cooling the drill bit and prevent well accidents such as the collapse of the well.
The circulatory system includes drilling pumps, ground manifolds, mud tanks, and mud purification equipment. The ground manifolds include high pressure manifolds, risers, and hoses. The mud purification equipment includes shaker screens, desanders, desilters, and centrifuges. Wait.
The drilling pump sucks the mud from the mud tank, and the mud pressured by the drilling pump passes through the high pressure manifold, riser and hose, enters the water tap, and passes through the hollow drilling tool to the bottom of the well, and sprays from the water hole of the drill bit. Circulating space between the wellbore and the drilling tool carries the cuttings back to the ground. The mud returned from the bottom of the well is removed by the mud purification equipment at all levels to remove the solid phase and reused.
The power equipment hoisting system, circulatory system and rotary system are the three major working units of the drilling rig, which are used to provide power. They can work together to complete the drilling operation. In order to provide power to these working units, the rig needs to be equipped with power equipment.
The rig's power equipment includes diesel engines, AC motors, and DC motors.
Diesel engines are suitable for drilling wells in remote areas without power grids. AC motors rely on the industrial power grid or require diesel engines to send AC power. DC motors need diesel generators to drive DC generators to generate DC power. The more common situation is that diesel engines drive AC generators to issue AC power. After thyristor rectification, AC will be converted into direct current.
The transmission drive system converts the force and movement provided by the power plant, and then transmits and distributes it to each working unit to meet the different demands of each working unit on power.
The transmission system generally includes a speed reduction mechanism, a speed change mechanism, a positive reverse mechanism, and a parallel mechanism between multiple power machines.
Drilling directly driven by a diesel engine often adopts the form of unified driving. The transmission system is relatively complex. The rig driven by the AC-DC motor adopts the form of individual units or group driving, and the transmission system is greatly simplified.
The control system is equipped with a control system in order to ensure the coordinated work of the three major working units of the drilling rig to meet the requirements of the drilling process.
Control methods include mechanical control, gas control, electrical control and hydraulic control.
At present, the control method commonly used on rigs is centralized gas control. The driller drills the console through the driller's driller and drills almost all of the drilling rig's controls: the clutch's clutch, the power of the power unit, the winch, the turntable and the start and stop of the drilling pump, and the winch's high and low speed control.
The derrick and base derricks and bases are used to support and install various drilling equipment and tools and provide drilling operations. The derrick is used to install overhead cranes, suspension vehicles, hooks, faucets and drilling tools, to withstand the drilling work load, and to discharge standing roots; the base is used to install power units, winches, turntables, support derricks, and the drilling tools are provided by means of a turntable to provide turntables. The height space between the ground and the floor to install the necessary blowout preventer and facilitate mud circulation.
Auxiliary equipment In order to ensure the safe and normal drilling, drilling rigs also include other auxiliary equipment, such as blowout preventer group for preventing blowout, generator set providing lighting and auxiliary electricity for drilling, air compression equipment providing compressed air and water supply, Oil supply equipment, etc.
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